Wildfire Smoke Protection


Wildfire Smoke

Smoke from wildfires contains harmful gases and fine particles that can present a significant health hazard to employees.

These liquid droplets and solid particles are suspended in the air as fine particulate matter. Fine particulate matter is considered to be material that is 2.5 microns or smaller, referred to as PM2.5. 

PM2.5 is one of five pollutants measured separately to reflect the Air Quality Index (AQI). 

PM2.5 are microscopic and can penetrate deep into your lungs. Health effects may vary to include burning eyes and a runny nose, to aggravated chronic heart and lung conditions. Some people may be more sensitive than others to wildfire smoke, but everyone should avoid or minimize breathing it, when possible. 

Sensitive Groups include:

  • Pregnant women, children, adults over 65
  • People with pre-existing conditions, such as:
    • Lung disease (asthma, COPD, bronchitis, emphysema, smokers)
    • Respiratory infections (pneumonia, bronchitis, recovering from COVID-19)
    • Heart or circulatory problems (irregular heart beat, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, have had heart attack or stroke)
    • Diabetes
    • Other medical or health conditions that could be aggravated by exposure to wildfire smoke

Symptoms may include:

  • Burning, redness, and/or tearing of the eyes
  • Runny nose, sore throat, cough, difficulty breathing, sinus irritation, wheezing and/or shortness of breath
  • Fatigue, headaches, irregular heart beat, and/or chest pain

Health effects may include:

  • Respiratory - bronchitis, reduced lung function, increased risk of asthma exacerbation, and aggravation of other lung diseases
  • Cardiovascular - heart failure, heart attack, stroke
  • Increased risk of emergency room visits and hospital admissions 

Air Quality Index

The Air Quality Index (AQI) indicates overall air quality based on the five (5) criteria pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act. These pollutants are measured separately and the highest is reported as the AQI. 

  • Ground-level ozone
  • Particulate matter (2.5 and 10.0 microns)
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Nitrogen dioxide

The AQI is divided in six different categories which correspond to a different level of health concern.

AQI Categories and Meanings
CategoryAQIMeaning
Good0-50Air quality is satisfactory and air pollution poses little or no risk
Moderate51-100Air quality is acceptable. However, there may be a risk for some people, particularly those who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups101-150Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected.
Unhealthy151-200Some members of the general public may experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. 
Very Unhealthy201-300Health alert: The risk of health effects is increased for everyone.
Hazardous301 and higherHealth warning of emergency conditions. Everyone is more likely to be affected. 

 More information on AQI breakpoints according the individual pollutants can be found on the EPA AQI Breakpoints Reference Table

Determining the AQI

The Incident Management Team (IMT), Emergency Management, and EHS, will review forecasts, campus activities, campus preparedness, and regional impacts and determine the status of PSU campus and operations during poor air quality incidents through University Communications. 

Supervisors should continue to monitor air quality during work operations and encourage employees to inform them if conditions improve or worsen. 

Monitoring AQI

There are several methods for monitoring the AQI, many of which are based on your current location. Always take note of which pollutant is being displayed on the scale - it may not always be PM2.5. 

PSU Wildfire Smoke Protection Program 

This program has been established to provide information for employees potentially working during wildfire smoke incidents which exceed an AQI of 101 for PM2.5 (considered the Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups category) and meets the requirements of Oregon OSHA Rule for Protection from Wildfire Smoke (OAR 437-002-1081). 

Exceptions to this program include: 

  • Workplaces and operations in enclosed buildings and structures where the air is filtered by mechanical ventilation 
  • Work or operations in enclosed vehicles where the air is filtered by a cabin air filter
  • Work activities partially exempt include activities involving intermittent exposures of less than 15 minutes in an hour to wildfire smoke levels for PM2.5 at or above AQI 101, for a total exposure of less than one hour in a single 24-hour period 

PSU Wildfire Smoke Protection Program
Appendix A: Wildfire Smoke Key Requirements for Exposure Level Checklist 

Use of Respirators for Wildfire Smoke Exposures

For exposures of PM2.5 below AQI 501, the use of respirators for the purpose of protection from wildfire smoke exposure does not require inclusion in the PSU Respiratory Protection Program.

Whenever employee exposure to PM2.5 is at or above AQI 501, even after the implementation of engineering and administrative controls, employees must wear NIOSH-approved respirators that protect wearers from PM2.5. Inclusion in the full PSU Respiratory Protection Program is required, which includes a medical evaluation, respirator fit testing, and additional training. 

Facial hair may prevent filtering facepiece respirators from creating an adequate seal. 
CDC Facial Hairstyles and Filtering Facepiece Respirators Guide

Voluntary Use of Respirators for PM2.5 AQI from 101-250

Employees exposed to an AQI of at least 101 may voluntarily wear a filtering facepiece respirator (N95) for protection from wildfire smoke. These respirators will be available to such employees at no cost and be readily available. 

Required Use of Respirators for PM2.5 AQI from 251-500

Employees exposed to an AQI of at least 251 after the use of engineering or administrative controls, or both, are required to wear a filtering facepiece respirator (N95). These respirators will be available to such employees at no cost and readily available. 

Employees required to wear filtering facepiece respirators for wildfire smoke (below PM2.5 AQI 501) must follow the Wildfire Smoke Specific Respiratory Protection Program, which may be found in section 5.4.2 of the PSU Wildfire Smoke Protection Program.

OR-OSHA How to Put On and Use an N95 Respirator Video (provided during training)

How to Obtain Filtering Facepiece Respirators 

Departments should submit a Wildfire Smoke Respirator Request Form to obtain an adequate supply of N95 filtering facepiece respirators for their employees when there is a likelihood they will be exposed to wildfire smoke, based on the guidelines above for voluntary and required use.

Masks with "KN" designations, such as KN95s, are not appropriate to reduce employee exposure to wildfire smoke. Employees should be wearing NIOSH-approved filtering facepiece N95 respirators for protection from wildfire smoke.

Employees should have completed their training, as described below, prior to wearing a respirator. 

Training

All employees, including new employees, supervisory, and non-supervisory employees, are required to be trained in protection from wildfire smoke before they begin work where they may be exposed to PM2.5 AQI 101 or more. This applies to all PSU employees, including full-time, part-time, temporary, and student employees. 

Training is provided through PSU's Online Learning Management Software, Canvas, annually.

To self-register for training:

This training satisfies the requirements for required use of respirators for PM2.5 AQI from 251-500. It does not satisfy the training requirements for use for PM2.5 AQI above 500. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

Training

Q:  Am I required to take the Wildfire Smoke Protection training?

A:  Yes!  All PSU employees, including new employees, student workers, supervisory and non-supervisory employees are required to take the Wildfire Smoke Protection training annually via Canvas.

Q:  Am I still required to take the training if I rarely work outside?

A:  Per Oregon OSHA, employees with intermittent exposure are required to receive information and training on wildfire smoke protection.  Intermittent exposure means less than 15 minutes in an hour to wildfire smoke levels for PM2.5 at or above AQI 101, for a total exposure of less than one hour in a single 24-hour period.

Respiratory Protection

Q:  Am I allowed to wear an N95 if I have facial hair?

A:  Yes, as long as the AQI is below 501, and only if the filtering facepiece respirator (N95) is being worn to protect from wildfire smoke exposure.  This exemption does not apply to other types of respirators, including but not limited to elastomeric tight-fitting half mask respirators, nor does it apply to situations where employees use filtering facepiece respirators (N95s) for protection against air contaminants other than PM2.5 from wildfire smoke.

Additional information provided by Oregon OSHA:

Facial hair styles may prevent the filtering facepiece respirator from creating a tight seal. Without a tight seal, it cannot filter out all the hazardous particulates in wildfire smoke. However, while using a filtering facepiece respirator with facial hair is normally non-compliant for all other work-related hazards that necessitates required use, Oregon OSHA strictly allows this exception only for wildfire smoke due to the effects of the exposure for the typical worker and the limited duration of filtering facepiece respirator use. While the hazard is serious enough to warrant efforts to reduce the risk, due to the known effects of PM2.5 contained in wildfire smoke on the human body, it is not significant enough to represent a respiratory hazard that triggers the full requirements of the respiratory protection standard when the AQI is below 501. Workers must conduct a seal check when donning the filtering facepiece respirator and make the necessary adjustments to minimize leakage.

Q:  How do I obtain N95 filtering facepiece respirators?

A:  Departments may obtain NIOSH-approved N95 filtering facepiece respirators by completing the Google request form from the EHS Wildfire Smoke Protection webpage.

Q:  How do I obtain a HEPA filter unit for my workplace?

A:  EHS will deploy HEPA units to occupied buildings that do not have mechanical ventilation systems.

Air Quality and Wildfire Smoke Monitoring

Q:  How will I know if campus is closed?

A:  A decision to close campus will come from the Incident Management Team and be communicated by University Communications.

Q:   The AQI is unhealthy for ozone but not for PM2.5.  Should I be concerned?

A:  Employees are responsible for knowing and educating themselves about their own personal risk factors that may increase their chance of experiencing illnesses during poor air quality.  If you are an employee who requires an accommodation based on a personal risk factor, work with your supervisor on accommodations or contact the Human Resources Leaves and Accommodations Team.