Supply and demand are more difficult to align
⇒Population growth, electrification, and climate change drive demand increase:
• 2022: historical high for US electricity consumption (4.05 trillion kWh)
• Energy efficiency offsets demand but not fully – demand growth 1% p.er year until 2050
• 16% of households are energy poor
⇒Share of wind and solar has quadrupled and is predicted to increase further
• non-dispatchable, very dynamic, smaller, more decentralized; does not fit too well with the old T&D network
• still a small share US-wide: 9.9% wind, 4.7% solar (US Energy Information Agency, Electricity Data Browser).
⇒Solutions for grid-side, utility-scale energy storage (BESS) are emerging, several regionally