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Men arrested for domestic violence pose greater recidivism risk than women, highlighting need for gender-specific policy and support responses.

Female IPV offenders have distinct mental health needs, requiring trauma-informed, gender-specific interventions for effective rehabilitation.

80% of court-involved IPV victims reported psychological abuse; 21% without physical harm. Abuse predicted fear, exit decisions, and distress.

Parental caring did not reduce sexual revictimization risk; paternal caring was independently associated with lower adult victimization rates.